皮肤 (Skin)

Acne is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles under the skin become clogged. Sebum—oil that helps keep skin from drying out—and dead skin cells plug the pores, which leads to outbreaks of lesions, commonly called pimples or zits. Most often, the outbreaks occur on the face but can also appear on the back, chest, and shoulders. Acne is an inflammatory disorder of the skin, which has sebaceous (oil) glands that connects to the hair follicle, which contains a fine hair. In healthy skin, the sebaceous glands make sebum that empties onto the skin surface through the pore, which is an opening in the follicle. Keratinocytes, a type of skin cell, line the follicle. Normally as the body sheds skin cells, the keratinocytes rise to the surface of the skin. When someone has acne, the hair, sebum, and keratinocytes stick together inside the pore. This prevents the keratinocytes from shedding and keeps the sebum from reaching the surface of the skin. The mixture of oil and cells allows bacteria that normally live on the skin to grow in the plugged follicles and cause inflammation—swelling, redness, heat, and pain. When the wall of the plugged follicle breaks down, it spills the bacteria, skin cells, and sebum into nearby skin, creating lesions or pimples. For most people, acne tends to go away by the time they reach their thirties, but some people in their forties and fifties continue to have this skin problem.

免疫系统攻击毛囊导致片状脱发的自身免疫病,患者通常其他方面健康。

慢性皮肤炎症性疾病,表现为皮肤发炎、发红、干燥和瘙痒,常自儿童期起病。

一组罕见遗传病,皮肤脆弱,轻微摩擦或碰撞即起疱、破损。

慢性、非传染性的炎症性皮肤病,皮肤内及皮下出现疼痛的脓肿、硬结和窦道。

一组皮肤病,导致皮肤干燥、瘙痒、粗糙发红并呈鳞屑样。

罕见遗传病,主要影响皮肤和指甲,表现为指甲增厚和疼痛性胼胝。

自身免疫病,皮肤及口、鼻、咽、眼、生殖器等黏膜起易破水疱,形成糜烂结痂。

慢性免疫介导皮肤病,免疫系统过度活跃使皮肤细胞增殖过快,形成银白色鳞屑红斑。

肢端血管遇冷或应激时收缩、血流受限,使手指脚趾发冷、麻木并变色。

长期炎症性皮肤病,通常在鼻和面颊出现发红和皮疹,也可累及眼。

自身免疫病,皮肤及身体其他部位出现炎症与纤维化(增厚变硬),因胶原生成过多所致。

慢性自身免疫病,产生色素的黑色素细胞被破坏,使皮肤出现乳白色脱色斑。